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動詞與時態進階

分詞與分詞構句

Participles and participle clauses

現在分詞（V-ing）表主動，過去分詞（V3）表被動；兩者可作形容詞、簡化關係子句，並構成表示時間、原因的分詞構句。

編寫：OpenTOEIC更新日期:

練習 60 題

兩種分詞

  • 常見的 V3 形容詞：attached, enclosed, updated, revised, detailed, experienced, qualified, skilled, limited, dedicated, preferred, proposed, estimated, complicated, sophisticated, designated, authorized, unexpected。
  • 常見的 V-ing 形容詞：remaining, existing, leading, demanding, rewarding, challenging, outstanding, promising, missing, lasting, overwhelming, surrounding, following。
  • 情緒：satisfying/satisfied, confusing/confused, disappointing/disappointed, exciting/excited, surprising/surprised：引起情緒的事物用 V-ing；感受到情緒的人用 V3。
現在分詞（V-ing）過去分詞（V3/ed）
意義主動、正在進行；引起某種感受被動、已完成；感受到某種情緒
作形容詞a growing market, the leading companya qualified candidate, a damaged box
情緒an interesting report（引起興趣）We are interested in the report
例句
  • Please review the attached invoice and confirm the amount.請查看附上的發票並確認金額。
  • The remaining tickets will be sold at the door.剩餘的門票將在入口處販售。
  • Customers were satisfied with the surprisingly fast delivery.顧客對出乎意料的快速配送感到滿意。

連綴動詞後的分詞：remain、stay、become、seem、get

在 remain, stay, become, seem, appear, look, get 等連綴動詞之後，分詞扮演形容詞的角色。主詞處於受影響的狀態時選 V3，主詞造成該性質時選 V-ing。

  • 連綴動詞之後接形容詞或分詞，不接副詞：remain closed，不寫成 remain closely。
  • 表達情緒時：人用 V3（The staff seemed confused），事物用 V-ing（The instructions seemed confusing）。
片語意思例句
remain closed / open / unchanged保持關閉／保持開放／維持不變The east entrance will remain closed until Monday.
stay informed / seated隨時掌握最新消息／留在座位上Please stay seated until the bus stops.
become involved / interested參與其中／開始感興趣She became involved in the project last year.
get started / paid / promoted開始／領到薪水／獲得升遷Let's get started with the first item on the agenda.
seem / appear confused / satisfied看起來困惑／滿意The clients seemed satisfied with the proposal.
remain challenging / become promising依然艱難／變得有前景Market conditions remain challenging.
例句
  • Prices are expected to remain unchanged for the rest of the year.價格預計在今年剩下的時間裡維持不變。
  • Subscribe to our newsletter to stay informed about new products.訂閱我們的電子報，隨時掌握新產品資訊。

關係子句的簡化

關係子句可以省略關係代名詞與助動詞來簡化：

N + who/which + V (主動) → N + V-ingN + who/which + be + V3 (被動) → N + V3
  • V-ing 形式可用於現在式、過去式的動詞，也可用於狀態動詞：Employees wishing to attend ...（= who wish）。
  • 先前已完成的單一動作不用 V-ing 簡化：The man who called yesterday 不能簡化成 The man calling yesterday。
例句
  • Employees wishing to attend the seminar should register by Friday.想參加研討會的員工應在星期五前報名。
  • The report submitted by the audit team contained several errors.稽核小組提交的報告有幾處錯誤。
  • Products ordered after 3 P.M. will be shipped the next day.下午 3 點後下單的商品將於次日出貨。

放在名詞後面的分詞：the people involved、the items listed

有些分詞通常放在名詞後面而不是前面。這其實是只剩一個字的簡化關係子句，而且有時位置不同，意思也會改變。

  • 意思隨位置改變：concerned employees（擔心的員工）不同於 the employees concerned（相關的員工）。
  • 由於這類分詞大多由被動子句簡化而來，放在名詞後面時選 V3：the documents requested，不寫成 the documents requesting。例外是 remain 等不及物動詞：the amount remaining。
片語意思例句
the people involved相關人員We will contact the people involved.
the items listed (below / above)所列出的項目Please bring the items listed below.
the information provided所提供的資訊Check the information provided carefully.
the person concerned（與此事）有關的人The matter was discussed with the person concerned.
the time allowed規定的時間Finish the test within the time allowed.
all those interested所有有興趣的人All those interested should sign up by Friday.
the amount remaining剩餘的金額The amount remaining will be billed next month.
例句
  • The figures shown in the table do not include sales tax.表中所列的數字不含營業稅。
  • Concerned residents attended the meeting about the new factory.憂心的居民出席了有關新工廠的會議。

表示時間、原因、結果的分詞構句

  • V-ing ...：兩個動作主詞相同，幾乎同時發生或表示原因：Knowing the client was busy, we sent a short email.
  • Having + V3 ...：在主要子句的動作之前已完成的動作。
  • V3 ...：表被動：Founded in 1995, the company now employs 2,000 people.
  • Having been + V3：被動且先發生。否定：把 not 放在分詞前（Not having received a reply, ...）。
  • 句尾的 V-ing 表示結果：The storm closed the port, delaying all shipments.
例句
  • Having reviewed all the bids, the committee selected Apex Construction.審閱完所有標案後，委員會選定了 Apex Construction。
  • Located in the city center, the hotel is convenient for business travelers.這家飯店位於市中心，對商務旅客十分便利。
  • Not having received the payment, the supplier delayed the shipment.由於尚未收到付款，供應商延後了出貨。

連接詞 + 分詞與固定的簡化片語

  • when, while, after, before, since + V-ing（主動）：Before leaving the office, please turn off your computer.
  • when, once, if, unless, until, as, than + V3（被動）：Once approved, the plan will take effect. / If necessary。
  • 固定片語：as requested, as stated, as discussed, as mentioned above, as scheduled, as indicated, as noted, unless otherwise stated/noted/specified, when completed, upon arrival / upon receiving。
例句
  • As requested, I have enclosed a copy of my certificate.依照要求，我已附上一份我的證書影本。
  • Unless otherwise noted, all prices include tax.除非另有註明，所有價格均含稅。
  • When completed, the form should be returned to Human Resources.表格填妥後，請交回人力資源部。

獨立分詞構句與源自分詞的介系詞

有些分詞片語有自己的主詞，或已成為固定片語，因此不必與主要子句的主詞相同。它們在公告和新聞報導中非常常見。

  • 有自己主詞的片語：Weather permitting, the picnic will be held outdoors. / All things considered, the event was a success.
  • with + O + V-ing/V3：With sales rising, the company plans to hire more staff. / With the contract signed, work can begin.
  • 源自分詞的介系詞、連接詞：given (that)（考慮到）、considering（鑑於）、provided/providing (that)（只要）、including / excluding（包括／不包括）、following（在…之後）、regarding / concerning（關於）、pending（在等待…期間）。
  • 固定片語：generally speaking, judging by/from, strictly speaking, assuming (that)。
例句
  • Following the merger, several departments were reorganized.合併之後，有幾個部門進行了改組。
  • Given the tight deadline, we decided to hire temporary staff.考慮到期限緊迫，我們決定聘請臨時人員。
  • With more customers shopping online, the store reduced its opening hours.由於越來越多顧客在網路上購物，這家店縮短了營業時間。

懸垂分詞（dangling participle）的錯誤

分詞構句隱含的主詞必須與主要子句的主詞一致。若不一致，句子就會錯誤或產生荒謬的意思。

錯誤正確
Having finished the report, the computer was turned off.Having finished the report, she turned off the computer.
Walking into the lobby, the new artwork caught my eye.Walking into the lobby, I noticed the new artwork.

多益解題技巧

  1. 空格在名詞之前，選項是同一動詞的 V-ing 與 V3：問自己「這個名詞是主動做還是被動承受？」the attached file（被附上的檔案）、the remaining items（剩下的品項──自己剩下）、experienced staff、existing customers。
  2. 關係子句簡化：名詞後有空格而句子已有主要動詞 → 選 V-ing（主動，後面接受詞）或 V3（被動，後面常接 by／介系詞）。例如：Applicants ______ for the position must submit ... → applying；The documents ______ by the client ... → submitted。
  3. 熟記電子郵件、公告中的簡化片語：as requested, as stated, as discussed, as mentioned, as indicated, as scheduled, unless otherwise noted/stated/specified, when completed, once approved, if necessary, upon receiving。
  4. 句首 ______ the proposal, the board voted to approve it：主詞（the board）是主動執行 → Having reviewed 或 After reviewing；若主詞是被動承受 → V3（Located near the station, the hotel ...）。

常見錯誤

錯誤: Please find the attaching document.

正確: Please find the attached document.

文件是被附上的 → V3。

錯誤: The presentation was very bored.

正確: The presentation was very boring.

引起情緒的事物用 V-ing；感受到情緒的人用 V3。

錯誤: Customers purchased items online can return them within 30 days.

正確: Customers purchasing items online can return them within 30 days.

顧客自己購買（主動，有受詞 items）→ V-ing；句子已有主要動詞 can return。

錯誤: Having signed the contract, the project started immediately.

正確: Having signed the contract, the client started the project immediately.

主要子句的主詞必須是簽約的人。

錯誤: Unless otherwise noting, the store opens at 9 A.M.

正確: Unless otherwise noted, the store opens at 9 A.M.

固定片語用 V3：unless otherwise noted/stated。

練習題（附解答）

  1. 1.Please complete the ------- registration form and return it to Ms. Liang by Friday.

    1. (A) attaching
    2. (B) attach
    3. (C) attached
    4. (D) attachment
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) attached

    表格是被附上的 → V3 形容詞 attached 放在 registration form 前面。attaching 帶主動意味；attach、attachment 不能當形容詞。

  2. 2.Tickets for the ------- performances will be sold at the box office starting at noon.

    1. (A) remaining
    2. (B) remained
    3. (C) remain
    4. (D) remains
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) remaining

    剩下的演出（自己剩下，主動）→ remaining。remained 錯在 remain 是不及物動詞；remain、remains 不能當形容詞。

  3. 3.Customers were ------- with the slow delivery service.

    1. (A) disappointing
    2. (B) disappointed
    3. (C) disappoint
    4. (D) disappointment
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) disappointed

    顧客是感到失望的人 → -ed 結尾的形容詞 disappointed（be disappointed with）。disappointing 用於令人失望的事物。

  4. 4.Employees ------- to attend the workshop should register by Friday.

    1. (A) wished
    2. (B) wishing
    3. (C) wish
    4. (D) are wishing
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) wishing

    句中已有主要動詞 should register；員工是自己希望 → 以 V-ing wishing 簡化主動關係子句（= who wish）。wish/are wishing 多出主要動詞，wished 是被動的意思。

  5. 5.The report ------- by the consultant contained several useful recommendations.

    1. (A) prepared
    2. (B) preparing
    3. (C) prepares
    4. (D) was prepared
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) prepared

    句中已有主要動詞 contained；報告是被準備的（by the consultant）→ 以 V3 prepared 簡化被動關係子句。was prepared 會多出一個主要動詞，preparing 是主動的意思。

  6. 6.------- in 1985, Halston Furniture is now one of the largest retailers in the region.

    1. (A) Founding
    2. (B) To found
    3. (C) Founds
    4. (D) Founded
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) Founded

    公司於 1985 年被創立 → 被動分詞 Founded。Founding 意指公司自己創立了某物，To found 表示目的。

  7. 7.------- all of the job applications, the hiring manager invited six candidates for interviews.

    1. (A) Having been screened
    2. (B) Screened
    3. (C) Being screened
    4. (D) Having screened
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) Having screened

    經理是自己在邀請面試之前篩選履歷，且有受詞 all of the job applications → Having screened。Having been screened、Screened、Being screened 都是被動，不能接受詞。

  8. 8.Unless otherwise -------, all prices listed in the catalog are in U.S. dollars.

    1. (A) stated
    2. (B) stating
    3. (C) state
    4. (D) statement
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) stated

    固定用法 Unless otherwise + V3（除非另有說明）→ stated。stating、state、statement 形式錯誤。

  9. 9.Having inspected the damaged shipment, ------- to the supplier within an hour.

    1. (A) a complaint was sent
    2. (B) sending a complaint
    3. (C) the store manager sent a complaint
    4. (D) a complaint sent by the manager
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) the store manager sent a complaint

    Having inspected the damaged shipment 隱含的主詞必須是執行檢查的人 → the store manager sent a complaint。a complaint was sent 會造成懸垂分詞（投訴不可能去檢查貨物）；sending a complaint、a complaint sent by the manager 無法構成主要子句。

  10. 10.The company upgraded its warehouse software last year, ------- order processing times by nearly 30 percent.

    1. (A) reduced
    2. (B) reduce
    3. (C) reduces
    4. (D) reducing
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) reducing

    句尾逗號後表示結果的縮減子句用 V-ing → reducing。reduced、reduces 是有時態變化的動詞，缺少主詞或連接詞；reduce 形式錯誤。

練習題

60 題 Part 5 題型，一次一題，每題作答後立即附上解析。

開始練習

常見問題

什麼是分詞（participle）？

分詞是當作形容詞使用、或用來簡化子句的動詞形式。分為兩種：現在分詞（V-ing）帶有主動、正在進行的意思（a growing market），過去分詞（V3/ed）帶有被動、已完成的意思（the attached file）。此外還有完成形式 having + V3，表示較早發生的事。

怎麼區分 -ing 和 -ed 結尾的形容詞？

問自己這個名詞是造成還是承受影響。引起情緒的事物用 -ing：an interesting report、disappointing results。感受到情緒的人用 -ed：We are interested in the report、The manager was disappointed。不表示情緒的形容詞也一樣：remaining items（自然剩下的品項），但 qualified candidates（被認定符合資格的應徵者）。

怎麼用 V-ing 和 V3 簡化關係子句？

省略關係代名詞（who, which, that）和 be 動詞。主動子句改為 V-ing：Employees who wish to attend → Employees wishing to attend。被動子句改為 V3：The report which was submitted by the team → The report submitted by the team。在 Part 5 中，句子已有主要動詞時，名詞後面的空格通常就是這兩種形式之一。

Having + V3 什麼時候用？

放在句首的 Having + V3 表示在主要子句的動作之前已經完成的事，且兩件事的主詞相同：Having reviewed all the bids, the committee selected Apex。被動形式是 Having been + V3，否定形式是 Not having + V3。也可以換成意思相近的 After + V-ing：After reviewing all the bids, ...。

什麼是懸垂分詞（dangling participle）錯誤？

指分詞構句隱含的主詞與主要子句的主詞不一致，導致句意錯誤：Having finished the report, the computer was turned off（聽起來像是電腦寫完了報告）。修正方法是讓真正的執行者當主詞：Having finished the report, she turned off the computer。例外是 given, considering, generally speaking 等固定片語。

"As requested"、"unless otherwise noted" 屬於什麼結構？

這是連接詞 + V3 的簡化子句，省略了主詞和 be：as requested = as (it was) requested、unless otherwise noted = unless (it is) otherwise noted、once approved = once (it is) approved。因為帶有被動意思，所以一律用 V3。這些片語在 Part 6、Part 7 的電子郵件和公告中極為常見。