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詞性與片語基礎

句子結構與句子成分

Sentence structure

認識主詞、動詞、受詞、補語、副詞修飾語與五大基本句型,才能看出題目的空格缺少哪一個成分。

練習 60 題

句子的主要成分

一個完整的英文句子至少要有主詞(S)和動詞(V)。依動詞的性質,句子可能還需要受詞(O)、補語(C)或副詞修飾語(A)。了解每個位置的功能,就能立刻推斷空格該填哪一種詞性。

  • 主詞可以是 V-ing 或子句:Reducing costs is our priority. / What the client needs is a faster delivery.
  • 沒有真正的主詞時,英文用虛主詞 it 或 there:It is important to back up the files. / There are three candidates for the position.
  • there is/are 之後,動詞的單複數依後面的名詞決定:There is a problem / There are several problems。
成分功能通常是例句
主詞(S)執行動作或被談論的人/物名詞、名詞片語、代名詞、V-ing、子句The new manager starts on Monday.
動詞(V)動作或狀態,有時態變化有時態變化的動詞The new manager starts on Monday.
受詞(O)承受動詞動作的人/物名詞、受格代名詞、V-ing、子句We received your invoice.
補語(C)描述或指明主詞或受詞形容詞、名詞The offer seems reasonable.
副詞修飾語(A)補充時間、地點、方式、原因副詞、介系詞片語The meeting ended at noon.
例句
  • Our sales representatives visit clients every week.我們的業務代表每週拜訪客戶。
  • Expanding into Asia will require additional funding.拓展亞洲市場將需要額外的資金。

不及物動詞與及物動詞

及物動詞(transitive)後面要直接接受詞。不及物動詞(intransitive)沒有受詞;若要再提到對象,必須先加介系詞。許多動詞兩種用法都有(The meeting started late / She started the meeting)。

  • 容易混淆的一組:raise(及物,把某物提高:raise prices)和 rise(不及物,自己上升:Prices rose)。同類的還有 lay/lie、set/sit。
  • 只有及物動詞才能改成被動式。The contract expired(正確),The contract was expired(錯誤)。
類型多益常見動詞注意
及物動詞(+ O)discuss, attend, approve, contact, reach, enter, mention, answer, raise, inform, request不加介系詞:discuss the plan,不是 discuss about the plan
不及物動詞(無 O)arrive, occur, happen, rise, fall, respond, proceed, depart, expire, function沒有被動式:不能說 was occurred
不及物動詞 + 介系詞respond to, reply to, comply with, apply for, account for, participate in, depend on受詞放在介系詞之後
例句
  • The committee will discuss the budget tomorrow.委員會明天將討論預算。
  • Production costs rose sharply last quarter.上一季生產成本大幅上升。
  • All suppliers must comply with the new safety standards.所有供應商都必須遵守新的安全標準。

連綴動詞 + 形容詞

連綴動詞(linking verbs)不表示動作,而是把主詞和描述主詞的補語連接起來。因為補語描述的是名詞(主詞),所以它是形容詞(或名詞),不是副詞。

S + be / become / seem / appear / remain / stay / prove + 形容詞S + look / sound / feel / taste / smell + 形容詞S + get / grow / turn / go + 形容詞(表示變化)
  • 比較:The manager looked angry(看起來生氣,look 是連綴動詞)和 The manager looked carefully at the report(仔細地看,look 是動作動詞,所以用副詞)。
  • 有些動詞也用形容詞當受詞的補語:keep, make, find, consider, leave → Please keep the door closed. / Customers found the website confusing.
例句
  • The quarterly figures remain stable despite the market downturn.儘管市場低迷,每季的數據仍然穩定。
  • The new scheduling software proved very useful.新的排程軟體證明非常實用。
  • Ms. Tanaka became head of the marketing department in May.田中女士於五月成為行銷部門主管。

五大基本句型

大多數英文句子都由下列五種句型之一構成;副詞修飾語(A)幾乎可以加在任何句型裡。有些動詞如 put, place, live 必須搭配地點副詞修飾語(句型 S + V + (O) + A)。

  • 句型 4 可以改寫成 S + V + 直接受詞 + to/for + 間接受詞:HR sent an email to the applicants. 常見動詞:give, send, offer, show, lend, grant(搭配 to),buy, book, reserve, make(搭配 for)。
  • 有些動詞不能用句型 4:explain, describe, suggest, announce, introduce → explain the policy to the staff,不能說 explain the staff the policy。
句型結構例句
1S + VThe shipment arrived.
2S + V + OThe client signed the contract.
3S + V + CThe training session was informative.
4S + V + O(間接受詞)+ O(直接受詞)HR sent the applicants an email.
5S + V + O + CThe board appointed Mr. Diaz director.
例句
  • The travel agent booked us a room near the convention center.旅行社幫我們訂了一間會議中心附近的房間。
  • The manager explained the new procedure to the team.經理向團隊說明了新的流程。

每個子句只有一個有時態的動詞

有時態的動詞(finite verb,限定動詞)是具有時態並與主詞一致的動詞:works, worked, will work, has been working, is reviewed。一個子句只有一個有時態的動詞片語。to V、V-ing、V3/ed(沒有助動詞搭配)屬於非限定形式,不能當主要動詞。

  • 一句話裡若要有兩個有時態的動詞,必須用連接詞(and, but, because, when, although...)或關係代名詞(who, which, that)再造出一個子句。
  • 句子已經有 S + V 時,額外加上的部分通常是 to V 片語(目的)、V-ing/V3 片語(簡化的子句)或介系詞片語:We hired a consultant to review our processes.
  • 兩個獨立子句不能只用逗號連接:The office is closed, please call tomorrow 是錯的;要用句號、分號或連接詞。
例句
  • The finance team reviews all expense reports before they are approved.財務團隊會在核准前審核所有費用報告。
  • Employees wishing to attend the workshop should register by Friday.想參加研習的員工應在週五前報名。

主詞很長時如何找出主要動詞

Part 5 的句子常有很長的主詞:一個中心名詞,後面接介系詞片語、關係子句或分詞片語。主要動詞要和中心名詞一致,而不是和最靠近空格的名詞一致。做法:把中心名詞後面的修飾部分劃掉,剩下的就是句子的 S + V 骨架。

  • 句子已經有一個動詞卻還有空格時,先問:已有的動詞是主要動詞,還是只是修飾用的 V3/V-ing?The items ordered last week ------- yesterday → ordered 只是修飾 items,空格才是主要動詞:arrived。
  • 反過來,如果句子已經有主要動詞,緊接在名詞後的空格通常是修飾用的 V-ing/V3:Customers ------- to return an item must present a receipt → wishing,因為主要動詞是 must present。
中心名詞後的修飾部分例句說明
介系詞片語(of, for, in, from...)The results of the customer survey are encouraging.依 results(複數)變化,不是依 survey
關係子句The manager who interviewed the candidates has left.去掉 who... 子句,剩下 The manager has left
V3 片語(省略的被動)The report submitted by the auditors contains several errors.submitted 只是修飾語,不是主要動詞
V-ing 片語(省略的主動)All employees attending the workshop need to register.attending 只是修飾語,不是主要動詞
to V 片語The decision to close two branches was announced yesterday.to close 修飾 decision
例句
  • The list of approved vendors is updated every quarter.核准廠商名單每季更新一次。
  • Visitors arriving after 6 p.m. should use the side entrance.晚上 6 點以後抵達的訪客請走側門。

簡單句、對等句與複句

要把兩個子句放進同一個句子,就必須有連接詞。連接詞的種類決定句子結構與標點,這也是 Part 5、Part 6 常在連接詞(能連接子句)和連接副詞(不能連接子句)之間設陷阱的地方。

  • however, therefore, moreover, consequently, otherwise 等連接副詞不能用逗號連接兩個子句。請用句號或分號:The shipment arrived on Monday; however, the invoice was missing.
  • 從屬子句放在句首時要用逗號隔開;放在主要子句之後通常不需要:We will ship the order once payment is received.
  • 每個連接詞只能多帶一個子句。有三個有時態動詞的句子需要兩個連接詞:When the new system is installed, staff who use it will need training.(兩個連接詞:when、who)。
句子類型連接詞例句
簡單句:一個子句無The shipment arrived on Monday.
對等句:兩個獨立子句對等連接詞 and, but, or, so, yet(前面通常有逗號)The shipment arrived on Monday, but the invoice was missing.
複句:主要子句 + 從屬子句從屬連接詞 because, although, when, if, unless, once, while, as soon asAlthough the shipment arrived on Monday, the invoice was missing.
含關係子句的複句who, which, that, whose, whereThe shipment that arrived on Monday was incomplete.
例句
  • Sales increased in the second quarter, so the company hired more staff.第二季銷售成長,所以公司增聘了員工。
  • Unless we receive your payment by Friday, your order will be canceled.如果我們在星期五前沒有收到您的付款,您的訂單將被取消。

三步驟分析 Part 5 句子

看選項之前,先花幾秒找出句子的骨架。下面三個步驟能讓你不必翻譯整句,就立刻刪掉文法錯誤的選項。

  • 步驟 1:找有時態的動詞。句子還沒有的話,空格就是主要動詞。已經有的話,空格是其他成分,或是前面有連接詞的新子句的動詞。
  • 步驟 2:數子句和連接詞。有時態動詞的數量等於連接詞數量加一(當作受詞的 that 或關係代名詞被省略時除外)。有兩個子句卻還沒有連接詞,答案就是連接詞或關係代名詞;連接詞已經足夠,答案就不可能是連接詞。
  • 步驟 3:判斷空格的功能。前面是冠詞、後面是介系詞 → 名詞。連綴動詞之後 → 形容詞。及物動詞之後 → 受詞。句子成分已完整 → 副詞或補充片語。
句子分析答案
The board ------- the proposal at yesterday's meeting.還沒有有時態的動詞;空格後有受詞 the proposalapproved(不是 approval、approving)
------- the deadline was extended, several teams submitted late.有兩個有時態的動詞(was extended、submitted),但還沒有連接詞Although(不是 Despite、However)
The training materials were ------- useful for new hires.已有完整的 S + V + C;空格修飾形容詞 usefulextremely(副詞)
Ms. Patel will ------- the client before the contract expires.will 之後要接原形動詞;contact 是及物動詞contact(不是 contact with、contacting)

多益解題技巧

  1. 每一題 Part 5 的第一步:找出主詞和主要動詞。如果句子還沒有有時態變化的動詞,答案就必須是有時態的動詞(submits、has approved、will be held),不可能是單獨出現的 to submit、submitting 或 submitted。
  2. 如果句子已經有主要動詞,而且沒有連接詞再接另一個子句,空格就不能再填一個有時態的動詞:請選 to V、V-ing、V3/ed,或其他詞性(名詞、形容詞、副詞)。
  3. 連綴動詞(be, become, remain, seem, appear, prove, stay)後面的空格通常是形容詞,不是副詞:The results remain ___ (encouraging / encouragingly) → encouraging。
  4. 遇到及物動詞(discuss, attend, approve, reach, contact)而空格後面沒有受詞,答案很可能是被動形式:The proposal was ___ by the board → approved。

常見錯誤

錯誤: We need to discuss about the delivery schedule.

正確: We need to discuss the delivery schedule.

Discuss 是及物動詞,受詞直接接在後面,不需要介系詞 about。

錯誤: The new policy seems effectively.

正確: The new policy seems effective.

連綴動詞 seem 之後用形容詞來描述主詞。

錯誤: All applicants submitting their forms by May 1.

正確: All applicants must submit their forms by May 1.

句子缺少有時態的動詞;submitting 單獨出現不能當主要動詞。

錯誤: The company will rise salaries next year.

正確: The company will raise salaries next year.

Raise 是及物動詞(提高某物),rise 是不及物動詞(自己上升)。

錯誤: The accident was occurred in the warehouse.

正確: The accident occurred in the warehouse.

Occur 是不及物動詞,所以沒有被動式。

練習題(附解答)

  1. 1.The finance team ------- the quarterly budget report every Friday afternoon.

    1. (A) reviewing
    2. (B) reviews
    3. (C) to review
    4. (D) reviewer
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) reviews

    句子有主詞 The finance team,但還缺主要動詞,因此需要有時態的動詞:reviews(現在簡單式,因為有 every Friday)。reviewing、to review 不能當主要動詞;reviewer 是名詞。

  2. 2.Mr. Fischer, the regional manager who oversees our Berlin and Munich stores, ------- a weekly sales report to headquarters.

    1. (A) submitting
    2. (B) submits
    3. (C) to submit
    4. (D) submission
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) submits

    兩個逗號之間的部分只是同位語;主詞 Mr. Fischer 仍缺主要動詞 → submits。oversees 屬於 who 子句;submitting、to submit 沒有時態變化;submission 是名詞。

  3. 3.All visitors must ------- the security desk upon arrival at the Halvorsen Tower.

    1. (A) contact to
    2. (B) contact with
    3. (C) contact
    4. (D) contacting
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) contact

    contact 是及物動詞,直接接受詞(contact the security desk),不需要介系詞。助動詞 must 後面要用原形動詞,所以 contacting 不對。

  4. 4.All suppliers are expected to ------- with the updated packaging standards by January 1.

    1. (A) comply
    2. (B) obey
    3. (C) satisfy
    4. (D) fulfill
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) comply

    空格後是介系詞 with + 名詞,因此需要搭配 with 的不及物動詞:comply with。obey、satisfy、fulfill 是及物動詞,受詞必須緊接在後,不加 with。

  5. 5.The results of the customer survey remain ------- despite the recent price increase.

    1. (A) encouraging
    2. (B) encourage
    3. (C) encouragement
    4. (D) encouragingly
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) encouraging

    remain 是連綴動詞,後面接形容詞作補語:encouraging。副詞 encouragingly 不能接在連綴動詞後面;encourage 是動詞。

  6. 6.Ms. Reyes ------- the conference attendees a detailed map of the convention center.

    1. (A) explained
    2. (B) described
    3. (C) gave
    4. (D) suggested
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) gave

    雙受詞句型 S + V + O(人)+ O(物):gave the attendees a map。explained、described、suggested 不能連續接兩個受詞,必須用 to + 人。

  7. 7.The board of directors ------- Mr. Tanaka the new regional director last week.

    1. (A) appointing
    2. (B) was appointed
    3. (C) to appoint
    4. (D) appointed
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) appointed

    句型 S + V + O + C:appointed Mr. Tanaka the new regional director,有 last week 所以用過去簡單式。was appointed 是被動,但空格後面還有受詞;appointing、to appoint 不能當主要動詞。

  8. 8.There ------- several issues with the new invoicing software that the IT team must address.

    1. (A) is
    2. (B) has
    3. (C) being
    4. (D) are
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) are

    在 There 之後,be 動詞依後面的名詞變化:several issues 為複數,故用 are。is 為單數;has 無法取代 there + be + 名詞結構中的 be;being 不是有時態變化的動詞。

  9. 9.------- is important that all visitors sign in at the front desk before entering the laboratory.

    1. (A) There
    2. (B) They
    3. (C) It
    4. (D) What
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) It

    子句 that all visitors sign in... 是被移到後面的真主詞,因此句首需要虛主詞 It。There 只接名詞;They 與 is 的主詞動詞不一致;What 會讓句子多出一個子句。

  10. 10.Mr. Patel's flight was delayed by three hours; -------, he missed the opening session of the conference.

    1. (A) so that
    2. (B) because
    3. (C) although
    4. (D) consequently
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) consequently

    分號之後、逗號之前需要連接副詞:consequently,(因此)。so that、because、although 是從屬連接詞,必須緊接子句,不能用逗號隔開。

練習題

60 題 Part 5 題型,一次一題,每題作答後立即附上解析。

開始練習

常見問題

英文句子由哪些成分組成?

英文句子有五種成分:主詞(S)、動詞(V)、受詞(O)、補語(C)和副詞修飾語(A)。主詞和一個有時態的動詞是必要的;其他成分則視動詞而定。例如 The client signed the contract yesterday 包含 S(The client)+ V(signed)+ O(the contract)+ A(yesterday)。

英文有幾種基本句型?

共有五種:S + V(The shipment arrived)、S + V + O(The client signed the contract)、S + V + C(The session was informative)、S + V + O + O(HR sent the applicants an email)和 S + V + O + C(The board appointed Mr. Diaz director)。多益試題中幾乎所有長句都是這五種句型之一,再加上副詞修飾語或從屬子句。

如何分辨不及物動詞和及物動詞?

及物動詞需要受詞直接接在後面,不經過介系詞:discuss the plan, attend the meeting, contact the supplier。不及物動詞沒有受詞,或必須加介系詞才能接到對象:arrive, occur, rise, respond to, comply with。快速檢查法:在動詞後面問「什麼?」。如果答案緊接在動詞後面,就是及物動詞;只有及物動詞才有被動式。

為什麼 seem、become、remain 後面要用形容詞而不是副詞?

因為它們是連綴動詞:不表達動作,而是把主詞和描述主詞的部分連起來。描述名詞的必須是形容詞。The figures remain stable 的意思是數據(仍然)穩定,所以用 stable 而不用 stably。只有 look, feel, sound, appear 也可以當動作動詞;這時才用副詞:She looked carefully at the report。

一個句子可以有兩個有時態的動詞嗎?

可以,但只有當句子有兩個子句,並用連接詞(and, but, because, although, when)或關係代名詞(who, which, that)連起來時才行。The manager approved the plan and the team started work 正確;The manager approved the plan the team started work 錯誤,因為少了連接詞。沒有連接詞時,第二個動詞必須用非限定形式:to V、V-ing 或 V3。

什麼時候用虛主詞 it 和 there?

當真正的主詞是太長的 to V 片語或 that 子句而被移到後面時,用 it:It is essential to back up all files(代替 To back up all files is essential)。要表達某處存在某物時,用 there:There are two vacancies in the sales team。there is/are 之後,動詞依後面的名詞決定單複數;it 之後,動詞永遠用單數。