句子的主要成分
一個完整的英文句子至少要有主詞(S)和動詞(V)。依動詞的性質,句子可能還需要受詞(O)、補語(C)或副詞修飾語(A)。了解每個位置的功能,就能立刻推斷空格該填哪一種詞性。
- 主詞可以是 V-ing 或子句:
Reducing costs is our priority./What the client needs is a faster delivery. - 沒有真正的主詞時,英文用虛主詞 it 或 there:
It is important to back up the files./There are three candidates for the position. there is/are之後,動詞的單複數依後面的名詞決定:There is a problem/There are several problems。
| 成分 | 功能 | 通常是 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主詞(S) | 執行動作或被談論的人/物 | 名詞、名詞片語、代名詞、V-ing、子句 | The new manager starts on Monday. |
| 動詞(V) | 動作或狀態,有時態變化 | 有時態變化的動詞 | The new manager starts on Monday. |
| 受詞(O) | 承受動詞動作的人/物 | 名詞、受格代名詞、V-ing、子句 | We received your invoice. |
| 補語(C) | 描述或指明主詞或受詞 | 形容詞、名詞 | The offer seems reasonable. |
| 副詞修飾語(A) | 補充時間、地點、方式、原因 | 副詞、介系詞片語 | The meeting ended at noon. |
- Our sales representatives visit clients every week.我們的業務代表每週拜訪客戶。
- Expanding into Asia will require additional funding.拓展亞洲市場將需要額外的資金。
不及物動詞與及物動詞
及物動詞(transitive)後面要直接接受詞。不及物動詞(intransitive)沒有受詞;若要再提到對象,必須先加介系詞。許多動詞兩種用法都有(The meeting started late / She started the meeting)。
- 容易混淆的一組:raise(及物,把某物提高:
raise prices)和 rise(不及物,自己上升:Prices rose)。同類的還有 lay/lie、set/sit。 - 只有及物動詞才能改成被動式。
The contract expired(正確),The contract was expired(錯誤)。
| 類型 | 多益常見動詞 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|
| 及物動詞(+ O) | discuss, attend, approve, contact, reach, enter, mention, answer, raise, inform, request | 不加介系詞:discuss the plan,不是 discuss about the plan |
| 不及物動詞(無 O) | arrive, occur, happen, rise, fall, respond, proceed, depart, expire, function | 沒有被動式:不能說 was occurred |
| 不及物動詞 + 介系詞 | respond to, reply to, comply with, apply for, account for, participate in, depend on | 受詞放在介系詞之後 |
- The committee will discuss the budget tomorrow.委員會明天將討論預算。
- Production costs rose sharply last quarter.上一季生產成本大幅上升。
- All suppliers must comply with the new safety standards.所有供應商都必須遵守新的安全標準。
連綴動詞 + 形容詞
連綴動詞(linking verbs)不表示動作,而是把主詞和描述主詞的補語連接起來。因為補語描述的是名詞(主詞),所以它是形容詞(或名詞),不是副詞。
S + be / become / seem / appear / remain / stay / prove + 形容詞S + look / sound / feel / taste / smell + 形容詞S + get / grow / turn / go + 形容詞(表示變化)- 比較:
The manager looked angry(看起來生氣,look 是連綴動詞)和The manager looked carefully at the report(仔細地看,look 是動作動詞,所以用副詞)。 - 有些動詞也用形容詞當受詞的補語:
keep, make, find, consider, leave→Please keep the door closed./Customers found the website confusing.
- The quarterly figures remain stable despite the market downturn.儘管市場低迷,每季的數據仍然穩定。
- The new scheduling software proved very useful.新的排程軟體證明非常實用。
- Ms. Tanaka became head of the marketing department in May.田中女士於五月成為行銷部門主管。
五大基本句型
大多數英文句子都由下列五種句型之一構成;副詞修飾語(A)幾乎可以加在任何句型裡。有些動詞如 put, place, live 必須搭配地點副詞修飾語(句型 S + V + (O) + A)。
- 句型 4 可以改寫成
S + V + 直接受詞 + to/for + 間接受詞:HR sent an email to the applicants.常見動詞:give, send, offer, show, lend, grant(搭配 to),buy, book, reserve, make(搭配 for)。 - 有些動詞不能用句型 4:
explain, describe, suggest, announce, introduce→explain the policy to the staff,不能說explain the staff the policy。
| 句型 | 結構 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | S + V | The shipment arrived. |
| 2 | S + V + O | The client signed the contract. |
| 3 | S + V + C | The training session was informative. |
| 4 | S + V + O(間接受詞)+ O(直接受詞) | HR sent the applicants an email. |
| 5 | S + V + O + C | The board appointed Mr. Diaz director. |
- The travel agent booked us a room near the convention center.旅行社幫我們訂了一間會議中心附近的房間。
- The manager explained the new procedure to the team.經理向團隊說明了新的流程。
每個子句只有一個有時態的動詞
有時態的動詞(finite verb,限定動詞)是具有時態並與主詞一致的動詞:works, worked, will work, has been working, is reviewed。一個子句只有一個有時態的動詞片語。to V、V-ing、V3/ed(沒有助動詞搭配)屬於非限定形式,不能當主要動詞。
- 一句話裡若要有兩個有時態的動詞,必須用連接詞(
and, but, because, when, although...)或關係代名詞(who, which, that)再造出一個子句。 - 句子已經有 S + V 時,額外加上的部分通常是
to V片語(目的)、V-ing/V3片語(簡化的子句)或介系詞片語:We hired a consultant to review our processes. - 兩個獨立子句不能只用逗號連接:
The office is closed, please call tomorrow是錯的;要用句號、分號或連接詞。
- The finance team reviews all expense reports before they are approved.財務團隊會在核准前審核所有費用報告。
- Employees wishing to attend the workshop should register by Friday.想參加研習的員工應在週五前報名。
主詞很長時如何找出主要動詞
Part 5 的句子常有很長的主詞:一個中心名詞,後面接介系詞片語、關係子句或分詞片語。主要動詞要和中心名詞一致,而不是和最靠近空格的名詞一致。做法:把中心名詞後面的修飾部分劃掉,剩下的就是句子的 S + V 骨架。
- 句子已經有一個動詞卻還有空格時,先問:已有的動詞是主要動詞,還是只是修飾用的 V3/V-ing?
The items ordered last week ------- yesterday→ ordered 只是修飾 items,空格才是主要動詞:arrived。 - 反過來,如果句子已經有主要動詞,緊接在名詞後的空格通常是修飾用的 V-ing/V3:
Customers ------- to return an item must present a receipt→ wishing,因為主要動詞是 must present。
| 中心名詞後的修飾部分 | 例句 | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| 介系詞片語(of, for, in, from...) | The results of the customer survey are encouraging. | 依 results(複數)變化,不是依 survey |
| 關係子句 | The manager who interviewed the candidates has left. | 去掉 who... 子句,剩下 The manager has left |
| V3 片語(省略的被動) | The report submitted by the auditors contains several errors. | submitted 只是修飾語,不是主要動詞 |
| V-ing 片語(省略的主動) | All employees attending the workshop need to register. | attending 只是修飾語,不是主要動詞 |
| to V 片語 | The decision to close two branches was announced yesterday. | to close 修飾 decision |
- The list of approved vendors is updated every quarter.核准廠商名單每季更新一次。
- Visitors arriving after 6 p.m. should use the side entrance.晚上 6 點以後抵達的訪客請走側門。
簡單句、對等句與複句
要把兩個子句放進同一個句子,就必須有連接詞。連接詞的種類決定句子結構與標點,這也是 Part 5、Part 6 常在連接詞(能連接子句)和連接副詞(不能連接子句)之間設陷阱的地方。
however, therefore, moreover, consequently, otherwise等連接副詞不能用逗號連接兩個子句。請用句號或分號:The shipment arrived on Monday; however, the invoice was missing.- 從屬子句放在句首時要用逗號隔開;放在主要子句之後通常不需要:
We will ship the order once payment is received. - 每個連接詞只能多帶一個子句。有三個有時態動詞的句子需要兩個連接詞:
When the new system is installed, staff who use it will need training.(兩個連接詞:when、who)。
| 句子類型 | 連接詞 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 簡單句:一個子句 | 無 | The shipment arrived on Monday. |
| 對等句:兩個獨立子句 | 對等連接詞 and, but, or, so, yet(前面通常有逗號) | The shipment arrived on Monday, but the invoice was missing. |
| 複句:主要子句 + 從屬子句 | 從屬連接詞 because, although, when, if, unless, once, while, as soon as | Although the shipment arrived on Monday, the invoice was missing. |
| 含關係子句的複句 | who, which, that, whose, where | The shipment that arrived on Monday was incomplete. |
- Sales increased in the second quarter, so the company hired more staff.第二季銷售成長,所以公司增聘了員工。
- Unless we receive your payment by Friday, your order will be canceled.如果我們在星期五前沒有收到您的付款,您的訂單將被取消。
三步驟分析 Part 5 句子
看選項之前,先花幾秒找出句子的骨架。下面三個步驟能讓你不必翻譯整句,就立刻刪掉文法錯誤的選項。
- 步驟 1:找有時態的動詞。句子還沒有的話,空格就是主要動詞。已經有的話,空格是其他成分,或是前面有連接詞的新子句的動詞。
- 步驟 2:數子句和連接詞。有時態動詞的數量等於連接詞數量加一(當作受詞的
that或關係代名詞被省略時除外)。有兩個子句卻還沒有連接詞,答案就是連接詞或關係代名詞;連接詞已經足夠,答案就不可能是連接詞。 - 步驟 3:判斷空格的功能。前面是冠詞、後面是介系詞 → 名詞。連綴動詞之後 → 形容詞。及物動詞之後 → 受詞。句子成分已完整 → 副詞或補充片語。
| 句子 | 分析 | 答案 |
|---|---|---|
| The board ------- the proposal at yesterday's meeting. | 還沒有有時態的動詞;空格後有受詞 the proposal | approved(不是 approval、approving) |
| ------- the deadline was extended, several teams submitted late. | 有兩個有時態的動詞(was extended、submitted),但還沒有連接詞 | Although(不是 Despite、However) |
| The training materials were ------- useful for new hires. | 已有完整的 S + V + C;空格修飾形容詞 useful | extremely(副詞) |
| Ms. Patel will ------- the client before the contract expires. | will 之後要接原形動詞;contact 是及物動詞 | contact(不是 contact with、contacting) |
多益解題技巧
- 每一題 Part 5 的第一步:找出主詞和主要動詞。如果句子還沒有有時態變化的動詞,答案就必須是有時態的動詞(
submits、has approved、will be held),不可能是單獨出現的to submit、submitting或submitted。 - 如果句子已經有主要動詞,而且沒有連接詞再接另一個子句,空格就不能再填一個有時態的動詞:請選
to V、V-ing、V3/ed,或其他詞性(名詞、形容詞、副詞)。 - 連綴動詞(
be, become, remain, seem, appear, prove, stay)後面的空格通常是形容詞,不是副詞:The results remain ___ (encouraging / encouragingly)→ encouraging。 - 遇到及物動詞(
discuss, attend, approve, reach, contact)而空格後面沒有受詞,答案很可能是被動形式:The proposal was ___ by the board→ approved。
常見錯誤
錯誤: We need to discuss about the delivery schedule.
正確: We need to discuss the delivery schedule.
Discuss 是及物動詞,受詞直接接在後面,不需要介系詞 about。
錯誤: The new policy seems effectively.
正確: The new policy seems effective.
連綴動詞 seem 之後用形容詞來描述主詞。
錯誤: All applicants submitting their forms by May 1.
正確: All applicants must submit their forms by May 1.
句子缺少有時態的動詞;submitting 單獨出現不能當主要動詞。
錯誤: The company will rise salaries next year.
正確: The company will raise salaries next year.
Raise 是及物動詞(提高某物),rise 是不及物動詞(自己上升)。
錯誤: The accident was occurred in the warehouse.
正確: The accident occurred in the warehouse.
Occur 是不及物動詞,所以沒有被動式。
練習題(附解答)
1.The finance team ------- the quarterly budget report every Friday afternoon.
- (A) reviewing
- (B) reviews
- (C) to review
- (D) reviewer
查看解答與解析
答案: (B) reviews
句子有主詞 The finance team,但還缺主要動詞,因此需要有時態的動詞:
reviews(現在簡單式,因為有 every Friday)。reviewing、to review不能當主要動詞;reviewer是名詞。2.Mr. Fischer, the regional manager who oversees our Berlin and Munich stores, ------- a weekly sales report to headquarters.
- (A) submitting
- (B) submits
- (C) to submit
- (D) submission
查看解答與解析
答案: (B) submits
兩個逗號之間的部分只是同位語;主詞 Mr. Fischer 仍缺主要動詞 →
submits。oversees屬於 who 子句;submitting、to submit沒有時態變化;submission是名詞。3.All visitors must ------- the security desk upon arrival at the Halvorsen Tower.
- (A) contact to
- (B) contact with
- (C) contact
- (D) contacting
查看解答與解析
答案: (C) contact
contact 是及物動詞,直接接受詞(
contact the security desk),不需要介系詞。助動詞 must 後面要用原形動詞,所以contacting不對。4.All suppliers are expected to ------- with the updated packaging standards by January 1.
- (A) comply
- (B) obey
- (C) satisfy
- (D) fulfill
查看解答與解析
答案: (A) comply
空格後是介系詞 with + 名詞,因此需要搭配 with 的不及物動詞:
complywith。obey、satisfy、fulfill是及物動詞,受詞必須緊接在後,不加 with。5.The results of the customer survey remain ------- despite the recent price increase.
- (A) encouraging
- (B) encourage
- (C) encouragement
- (D) encouragingly
查看解答與解析
答案: (A) encouraging
remain 是連綴動詞,後面接形容詞作補語:
encouraging。副詞encouragingly不能接在連綴動詞後面;encourage是動詞。6.Ms. Reyes ------- the conference attendees a detailed map of the convention center.
- (A) explained
- (B) described
- (C) gave
- (D) suggested
查看解答與解析
答案: (C) gave
雙受詞句型 S + V + O(人)+ O(物):
gave the attendees a map。explained、described、suggested不能連續接兩個受詞,必須用 to + 人。7.The board of directors ------- Mr. Tanaka the new regional director last week.
- (A) appointing
- (B) was appointed
- (C) to appoint
- (D) appointed
查看解答與解析
答案: (D) appointed
句型 S + V + O + C:
appointed Mr. Tanaka the new regional director,有 last week 所以用過去簡單式。was appointed是被動,但空格後面還有受詞;appointing、to appoint不能當主要動詞。8.There ------- several issues with the new invoicing software that the IT team must address.
- (A) is
- (B) has
- (C) being
- (D) are
查看解答與解析
答案: (D) are
在 There 之後,be 動詞依後面的名詞變化:several issues 為複數,故用
are。is為單數;has無法取代 there + be + 名詞結構中的 be;being不是有時態變化的動詞。9.------- is important that all visitors sign in at the front desk before entering the laboratory.
- (A) There
- (B) They
- (C) It
- (D) What
查看解答與解析
答案: (C) It
子句 that all visitors sign in... 是被移到後面的真主詞,因此句首需要虛主詞
It。There只接名詞;They與 is 的主詞動詞不一致;What會讓句子多出一個子句。10.Mr. Patel's flight was delayed by three hours; -------, he missed the opening session of the conference.
- (A) so that
- (B) because
- (C) although
- (D) consequently
查看解答與解析
答案: (D) consequently
分號之後、逗號之前需要連接副詞:
consequently,(因此)。so that、because、although是從屬連接詞,必須緊接子句,不能用逗號隔開。
練習題
60 題 Part 5 題型,一次一題,每題作答後立即附上解析。
常見問題
英文句子由哪些成分組成?
英文句子有五種成分:主詞(S)、動詞(V)、受詞(O)、補語(C)和副詞修飾語(A)。主詞和一個有時態的動詞是必要的;其他成分則視動詞而定。例如 The client signed the contract yesterday 包含 S(The client)+ V(signed)+ O(the contract)+ A(yesterday)。
英文有幾種基本句型?
共有五種:S + V(The shipment arrived)、S + V + O(The client signed the contract)、S + V + C(The session was informative)、S + V + O + O(HR sent the applicants an email)和 S + V + O + C(The board appointed Mr. Diaz director)。多益試題中幾乎所有長句都是這五種句型之一,再加上副詞修飾語或從屬子句。
如何分辨不及物動詞和及物動詞?
及物動詞需要受詞直接接在後面,不經過介系詞:discuss the plan, attend the meeting, contact the supplier。不及物動詞沒有受詞,或必須加介系詞才能接到對象:arrive, occur, rise, respond to, comply with。快速檢查法:在動詞後面問「什麼?」。如果答案緊接在動詞後面,就是及物動詞;只有及物動詞才有被動式。
為什麼 seem、become、remain 後面要用形容詞而不是副詞?
因為它們是連綴動詞:不表達動作,而是把主詞和描述主詞的部分連起來。描述名詞的必須是形容詞。The figures remain stable 的意思是數據(仍然)穩定,所以用 stable 而不用 stably。只有 look, feel, sound, appear 也可以當動作動詞;這時才用副詞:She looked carefully at the report。
一個句子可以有兩個有時態的動詞嗎?
可以,但只有當句子有兩個子句,並用連接詞(and, but, because, although, when)或關係代名詞(who, which, that)連起來時才行。The manager approved the plan and the team started work 正確;The manager approved the plan the team started work 錯誤,因為少了連接詞。沒有連接詞時,第二個動詞必須用非限定形式:to V、V-ing 或 V3。
什麼時候用虛主詞 it 和 there?
當真正的主詞是太長的 to V 片語或 that 子句而被移到後面時,用 it:It is essential to back up all files(代替 To back up all files is essential)。要表達某處存在某物時,用 there:There are two vacancies in the sales team。there is/are 之後,動詞依後面的名詞決定單複數;it 之後,動詞永遠用單數。