關係子句
Relative clauses
使用 who、whom、which、that、whose、where、when、why 修飾名詞;區分限定與非限定關係子句,以及關係代名詞的省略與簡化。
練習 60 題關係代名詞與關係副詞
關係子句緊接在名詞之後,用來說明那是哪個人/哪個東西,或補充相關資訊。關係代名詞既連接句子,又在子句中擔任主詞、受詞或所有格。
| 字詞 | 代替 | 在子句中的角色 | 簡短例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主詞(非正式用法中偶爾作受詞) | the manager who approved it |
| whom | 人 | 受詞、介系詞之後(正式) | the client whom we met |
| which | 物、事情 | 主詞或受詞 | the invoice which arrived |
| that | 人或物 | 主詞或受詞,僅用於限定關係子句 | the file that I sent |
| whose | 人或物 | 所有格,後面一定接名詞 | the firm whose CEO resigned |
| where | 地點 | = in/at which | the hotel where we stayed |
| when | 時間 | = on/in which | the day when the store opens |
| why | 原因(接在 the reason 之後) | = for which | the reason why sales fell |
- The candidate who impressed the panel will start next Monday.令評審團印象深刻的那位應徵者將於下週一開始上班。
- We use a supplier whose prices are lower than our previous one.我們採用的供應商,價格比之前那一家更低。
- This is the warehouse where all returned items are inspected.這就是所有退貨商品接受檢查的倉庫。
三個步驟選出關係代名詞
Part 5 大部分的關係子句題,只要依正確順序思考,幾秒內就能解出:先看前面的名詞,再看空格正前方的標點和介系詞,最後看空格後面的部分。
- 第 3 步決定要用 which 還是 where:
the factory which produces our parts(缺主詞),但the factory where our parts are produced(子句已完整,where = in which)。 - 快速檢查法:把空格拿掉,把剩下的部分當成獨立的句子來讀。如果主詞、動詞、受詞都已齊全,就需要 where/when/why 或介系詞 + which;如果還缺成分,就需要關係代名詞。
- 常見的干擾選項是 what、them、it。what 絕不會緊接在名詞之後;them 和 it 是一般代名詞,無法連接兩個子句。
| 步驟 | 要回答的問題 | 結論 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 前面的名詞是人、物、地點還是時間? | 人 → who/whom/that;物 → which/that;地點 → where;時間 → when |
| 2 | 空格正前方有沒有逗號或介系詞? | 逗號 → 排除 that;介系詞 → 只剩 whom(人)或 which(物) |
| 3 | 空格後面缺少什麼成分? | 缺主詞 → who/which/that;缺受詞 → whom/which/that;名詞 + 動詞 → whose;已有完整的 S + V + O → where/when/why |
- The factory which produces our circuit boards is in Penang.生產我們電路板的工廠位於檳城。
- The factory where our circuit boards are produced is in Penang.我們的電路板在位於檳城的那間工廠生產。
限定與非限定關係子句
限定關係子句(defining)是辨認所指的人或物所必需的,刪掉後句意就不完整。非限定關係子句(non-defining)只是為已經明確的對象(專有名詞、"my manager"、"the company" 等)補充額外資訊,前後以逗號隔開。
- 非限定關係子句不用 that,只用 who/whom/which/whose/where/when。
- 非限定關係子句的關係代名詞不可省略。
- 逗號後的 which 可以代替前面整個子句:
The flight was delayed, which meant we missed the meeting. - 有沒有逗號會改變句意:
The employees who work remotely receive a laptop(只有遠距工作的員工)不同於The employees, who work remotely, receive a laptop(所有員工,而且他們都遠距工作)。
- Ms. Tanaka, who joined the firm in 2019, now heads the legal department.Tanaka 女士於 2019 年加入公司,目前負責法務部門。
- The shipment arrived two days early, which pleased the client.貨物提早兩天送達,這讓客戶很滿意。
介系詞 + whom/which 與關係代名詞的省略
當子句中的動詞搭配介系詞時,正式用法把介系詞放在 whom/which 前面;非正式用法則把介系詞留在句尾。介系詞之後不用 who 和 that。
N + 介系詞 + whom/which + S + VN + (whom/which/that) + S + V + 介系詞- 當 who/whom/which/that 在限定關係子句中作受詞時可以省略:
the report (that) you requested。 - 作主詞時不可省略(
the man who called→ 不能說 *the man called* 來表達這個意思),非限定關係子句中也不可省略。 - 介系詞放在關係代名詞前面時,同樣不可省略關係代名詞:
the person to whom I spoke。
- The consultant with whom we worked last year has opened her own agency.去年與我們合作的那位顧問已經開了自己的公司。
- The software (that) we purchased last month needs an update.我們上個月購買的軟體需要更新。
- This is the project which I told you about.這就是我跟你提過的那個專案。
數量詞 + of whom/of which
在非限定關係子句中,可以在 of whom(人)或 of which(物)前面加上數量詞,用來指剛才提到的那群人或物的一部分。
some / many / most / all / none / both / neither / several / one / half + of whom/which- We interviewed twenty applicants, most of whom had sales experience.我們面試了二十位應徵者,其中大多數具有銷售經驗。
- The company received three proposals, none of which met the budget.公司收到三份提案,但沒有一份符合預算。
關係子句與主詞動詞一致
關係子句中的動詞要依關係代名詞所代替的名詞變化,而句子的主要動詞則依主要主詞變化,即使兩者之間隔著一整個長子句也一樣。Part 5 非常喜歡把空格放在這兩個位置之一。
單數名詞 + who/which/that + 單數動詞複數名詞 + who/which/that + 複數動詞主要主詞 + (關係子句) + 依主要主詞變化的主要動詞The manager who oversees the regional stores is retiring:oversees 依 manager 變化,is 也依 manager 變化,而不是依 stores。The reports that the analyst prepares are posted online:prepares 依 analyst(子句中的主詞)變化,are 則依 reports 變化。one of the + 複數名詞 + who/that + 複數動詞:She is one of the employees who speak three languages(who 代替 employees)。但the only one of the employees who speaks Japanese用單數,因為 who 代替的是 the only one。- 用 whose 時,動詞依緊接在 whose 後面的名詞變化:
a supplier whose prices are low、a supplier whose price is low。
- The new printers that the IT team installed last week are already causing problems.IT 團隊上週安裝的新印表機已經開始出問題了。
- Mr. Silva is one of the consultants who advise our board on tax matters.Silva 先生是為我們董事會提供稅務建議的顧問之一。
Whose 與 who's;what 與 that
- whose 是所有格,後面一定接名詞:
the client whose order was lost。who's 是 *who is/who has* 的縮寫:Who's responsible for this? - whose 也可以用於物:
a product whose design won an award。 - what = *the thing(s) that*,前面沒有名詞:
What we need is more time.前面已經有名詞時要用 that/which:the information that we need(不說 *the information what*)。 - 在 all、everything、anything、nothing、the only、the first、最高級之後通常用 that:
This is the best offer that we have received.
- Please send me what you discussed at the meeting.請把你們在會議上討論的內容寄給我。
關係子句的簡化(簡介)
關係代名詞作主詞的關係子句可以簡化為分詞片語。詳見分詞單元。
- 主動 → V-ing:
the staff who work in Building B→the staff working in Building B。 - 被動 → V3/ed:
the goods which were damaged in transit→the goods damaged in transit。 - 在 the first/the last/the only 之後,或表示目的時 → to V:
She was the first person to arrive.
- Applications received after May 1 will not be considered.5 月 1 日之後收到的申請將不予考慮。
- Passengers traveling with children may board first.帶小孩同行的旅客可以優先登機。
多益解題技巧
- Part 5 常在名詞後方設空格,要求在 who / whom / which / whose / that / what 之間作選擇。請看前面的名詞(人或物)以及空格後方:缺主詞(
___ + V)→ who/which/that;缺受詞(___ + S + V)→ whom/which/that;後面接沒有冠詞的名詞(___ + N + V)→ whose。 - 空格前看到逗號,立刻排除 that 和 what。空格前看到介系詞(
in ___、to ___、of ___),就只剩 whom(人)或 which(物)。 - 逗號後出現
some / many / most / none / all / both of ___→ 答案是 whom 或 which,絕不會是 them/it/who/that。 - 空格位於動詞前,而子句已經有完整的主要動詞 → 考慮簡化形式:V-ing(主動)或 V3/ed(被動),例如
the report ___ (submit) yesterday→ submitted。
常見錯誤
錯誤: Mr. Lee, that manages our Seoul office, will visit us.
正確: Mr. Lee, who manages our Seoul office, will visit us.
非限定關係子句(有逗號)不用 that。
錯誤: The supplier who products we ordered has closed.
正確: The supplier whose products we ordered has closed.
表示所有格的名詞前要用 whose。
錯誤: The person to who you should send the form is Ms. Diaz.
正確: The person to whom you should send the form is Ms. Diaz.
介系詞後只能用 whom(人)或 which(物)。
錯誤: We received five bids, two of them were acceptable.
正確: We received five bids, two of which were acceptable.
用逗號連接兩個子句時需要 of which/of whom,不能用 of them。
錯誤: This is the brochure what I mentioned.
正確: This is the brochure (that/which) I mentioned.
what 不能接在名詞之後。
練習題(附解答)
1.The manager ------- approved the budget will present it at Monday's meeting.
- (A) whom
- (B) whose
- (C) who
- (D) which
查看解答與解析
答案: (C) who
前面的名詞是人(manager),空格後是動詞
approved→ 缺少主詞 → who。whom 作受詞,whose 後面需接名詞,which 指事物。2.Ardent Logistics, ------- headquarters are in Rotterdam, has opened a new warehouse in Hamburg.
- (A) who
- (B) which
- (C) that
- (D) whose
查看解答與解析
答案: (D) whose
空格後是不帶冠詞的名詞
headquarters+ 動詞 → 表示所有格 → whose(也可用於公司)。that 不能放在逗號後;who/which 不能像這樣直接接名詞。3.The consultant to ------- you spoke last week has sent the revised proposal.
- (A) whom
- (B) who
- (C) that
- (D) which
查看解答與解析
答案: (A) whom
介系詞
to之後只能用 whom(人)或 which(事物)。Consultant 是人 → whom。介系詞後不能用 who 和 that。4.We received six bids for the renovation project, two of ------- were within our budget.
- (A) them
- (B) which
- (C) those
- (D) whom
查看解答與解析
答案: (B) which
逗號後的
數量詞 + of which/of whom句型;bids 是事物 → of which。of them會造成用逗號連接兩個子句的錯誤;whom 只用於人。5.Applications ------- after March 31 will not be considered.
- (A) receiving
- (B) are received
- (C) received
- (D) receive
查看解答與解析
答案: (C) received
句子已有主要動詞
will not be considered→ 空格是簡化的關係子句。申請書是被收到(被動)→ V3: received。receiving 表示主動;are received/receive 會多出一個主要動詞。6.Passengers ------- with small children are invited to board first.
- (A) travel
- (B) traveling
- (C) traveled
- (D) are traveling
查看解答與解析
答案: (B) traveling
主要動詞是 are invited → 將主動的關係子句(
who travel)簡化為 V-ing:traveling。travel/are traveling會多出主要動詞;traveled若為過去簡單式,同樣多出主要動詞,若為 V3 則帶被動意義,錯誤,因為乘客是自己旅行。7.This is the most reliable courier service ------- we have ever used.
- (A) that
- (B) what
- (C) whose
- (D) where
查看解答與解析
答案: (A) that
最高級(
the most reliable)之後通常用 that;後面的子句缺少used的受詞。what 不能接在名詞後;where 需要完整子句;whose 後面需接名詞。8.The audit report covers the six-week period ------- the factory was closed for renovations.
- (A) who
- (B) whose
- (C) what
- (D) when
查看解答與解析
答案: (D) when
先行詞表示時間(
period),且空格後是完整的子句 → 關係副詞 when(= during which)。who 指人;whose 後面需要名詞;what 不能放在名詞後面。9.------- the board approved at yesterday's meeting is a two-year plan to expand into Brazil.
- (A) What
- (B) That
- (C) Which
- (D) Whose
查看解答與解析
答案: (A) What
前面沒有先行詞,後面子句缺少
approved的受詞,且整個片語當is的主詞 → What(= the thing that)。That 只能引導完整的子句;Which 需要先行詞;Whose 後面需要名詞。10.Please contact Mr. Ibrahim, ------- in charge of scheduling the delivery trucks this month.
- (A) whose
- (B) who
- (C) which
- (D) who's
查看解答與解析
答案: (D) who's
空格後沒有動詞,只有片語
in charge of→ 需要 who's(= who is)。whose 後面需要名詞;who 缺少 be 動詞;which 指物。
練習題
60 題 Part 5 題型,一次一題,每題作答後立即附上解析。
常見問題
什麼是關係子句?
關係子句是緊接在名詞之後的從屬子句,用來說明那是哪個人、哪個東西,或補充相關資訊。這種子句以關係代名詞(who, whom, which, that, whose)或關係副詞(where, when, why)開頭。例如:The client who called this morning wants a refund,其中 "who called this morning" 說明是哪一位客戶。
什麼時候用 who,什麼時候用 whom?
who 在子句中作主詞,後面接動詞:the engineer who designed the system。whom 作受詞,後面接 S + V:the engineer whom we hired,而且在介系詞之後一定要用:to whom、with whom、most of whom。口語中常把 who 用在受詞位置,但介系詞之後只有 whom 才正確,而多益的答案以正式書面語為準。
Which 和 that 有什麼不同?
在限定關係子句中,which 和 that(指物)都正確:the report which/that you requested。差別在於非限定關係子句:逗號之後只能用 which,不能用 that。此外,介系詞之後只能用 which(the account from which...),而在 everything、all、the only 和最高級之後,用 that 比較自然。
什麼時候可以省略關係代名詞?
只有當關係代名詞在限定關係子句中作受詞時才能省略:the samples (that) you requested。作主詞時、子句位於逗號之間時,或前面有介系詞時,都不能省略。如果關係代名詞作主詞並搭配 be 動詞,可以把關係代名詞和 be 一起省略:the goods (which were) damaged in transit。
簡化的關係子句要用 V-ing 還是 V3?
要看名詞與動詞之間的關係。名詞自己執行動作 → V-ing:customers requesting a refund(要求退款的顧客)。名詞承受動作 → V3/ed:applications received after May 1(被收到的申請)。快速判斷:空格後有受詞,通常是 V-ing;沒有受詞但有 by 或時間、地點片語,通常是 V3。
"Most of whom" 和 "most of them" 有什麼不同?
most of whom(人)和 most of which(物)含有關係代名詞,所以只用逗號就能連接兩個子句:We interviewed ten candidates, most of whom had sales experience. most of them 只是一般代名詞,必須放在獨立的句子中或連接詞之後:We interviewed ten candidates, and most of them had sales experience. 在 Part 5 中,如果兩個子句之間只有逗號,答案就是 whom 或 which。