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子句與複合句中級

關係子句

Relative clauses

使用 who、whom、which、that、whose、where、when、why 修飾名詞;區分限定與非限定關係子句,以及關係代名詞的省略與簡化。

練習 60 題

關係代名詞與關係副詞

關係子句緊接在名詞之後,用來說明那是哪個人/哪個東西,或補充相關資訊。關係代名詞既連接句子,又在子句中擔任主詞、受詞或所有格。

字詞代替在子句中的角色簡短例子
who人主詞(非正式用法中偶爾作受詞)the manager who approved it
whom人受詞、介系詞之後(正式)the client whom we met
which物、事情主詞或受詞the invoice which arrived
that人或物主詞或受詞,僅用於限定關係子句the file that I sent
whose人或物所有格,後面一定接名詞the firm whose CEO resigned
where地點= in/at whichthe hotel where we stayed
when時間= on/in whichthe day when the store opens
why原因(接在 the reason 之後)= for whichthe reason why sales fell
例句
  • The candidate who impressed the panel will start next Monday.令評審團印象深刻的那位應徵者將於下週一開始上班。
  • We use a supplier whose prices are lower than our previous one.我們採用的供應商,價格比之前那一家更低。
  • This is the warehouse where all returned items are inspected.這就是所有退貨商品接受檢查的倉庫。

三個步驟選出關係代名詞

Part 5 大部分的關係子句題,只要依正確順序思考,幾秒內就能解出:先看前面的名詞,再看空格正前方的標點和介系詞,最後看空格後面的部分。

  • 第 3 步決定要用 which 還是 where:the factory which produces our parts(缺主詞),但 the factory where our parts are produced(子句已完整,where = in which)。
  • 快速檢查法:把空格拿掉,把剩下的部分當成獨立的句子來讀。如果主詞、動詞、受詞都已齊全,就需要 where/when/why 或介系詞 + which;如果還缺成分,就需要關係代名詞。
  • 常見的干擾選項是 what、them、it。what 絕不會緊接在名詞之後;them 和 it 是一般代名詞,無法連接兩個子句。
步驟要回答的問題結論
1前面的名詞是人、物、地點還是時間?人 → who/whom/that;物 → which/that;地點 → where;時間 → when
2空格正前方有沒有逗號或介系詞?逗號 → 排除 that;介系詞 → 只剩 whom(人)或 which(物)
3空格後面缺少什麼成分?缺主詞 → who/which/that;缺受詞 → whom/which/that;名詞 + 動詞 → whose;已有完整的 S + V + O → where/when/why
例句
  • The factory which produces our circuit boards is in Penang.生產我們電路板的工廠位於檳城。
  • The factory where our circuit boards are produced is in Penang.我們的電路板在位於檳城的那間工廠生產。

限定與非限定關係子句

限定關係子句(defining)是辨認所指的人或物所必需的,刪掉後句意就不完整。非限定關係子句(non-defining)只是為已經明確的對象(專有名詞、"my manager"、"the company" 等)補充額外資訊,前後以逗號隔開。

  • 非限定關係子句不用 that,只用 who/whom/which/whose/where/when。
  • 非限定關係子句的關係代名詞不可省略。
  • 逗號後的 which 可以代替前面整個子句:The flight was delayed, which meant we missed the meeting.
  • 有沒有逗號會改變句意:The employees who work remotely receive a laptop(只有遠距工作的員工)不同於 The employees, who work remotely, receive a laptop(所有員工,而且他們都遠距工作)。
例句
  • Ms. Tanaka, who joined the firm in 2019, now heads the legal department.Tanaka 女士於 2019 年加入公司,目前負責法務部門。
  • The shipment arrived two days early, which pleased the client.貨物提早兩天送達,這讓客戶很滿意。

介系詞 + whom/which 與關係代名詞的省略

當子句中的動詞搭配介系詞時,正式用法把介系詞放在 whom/which 前面;非正式用法則把介系詞留在句尾。介系詞之後不用 who 和 that。

N + 介系詞 + whom/which + S + VN + (whom/which/that) + S + V + 介系詞
  • 當 who/whom/which/that 在限定關係子句中作受詞時可以省略:the report (that) you requested。
  • 作主詞時不可省略(the man who called → 不能說 *the man called* 來表達這個意思),非限定關係子句中也不可省略。
  • 介系詞放在關係代名詞前面時,同樣不可省略關係代名詞:the person to whom I spoke。
例句
  • The consultant with whom we worked last year has opened her own agency.去年與我們合作的那位顧問已經開了自己的公司。
  • The software (that) we purchased last month needs an update.我們上個月購買的軟體需要更新。
  • This is the project which I told you about.這就是我跟你提過的那個專案。

數量詞 + of whom/of which

在非限定關係子句中,可以在 of whom(人)或 of which(物)前面加上數量詞,用來指剛才提到的那群人或物的一部分。

some / many / most / all / none / both / neither / several / one / half + of whom/which
例句
  • We interviewed twenty applicants, most of whom had sales experience.我們面試了二十位應徵者,其中大多數具有銷售經驗。
  • The company received three proposals, none of which met the budget.公司收到三份提案,但沒有一份符合預算。

關係子句與主詞動詞一致

關係子句中的動詞要依關係代名詞所代替的名詞變化,而句子的主要動詞則依主要主詞變化,即使兩者之間隔著一整個長子句也一樣。Part 5 非常喜歡把空格放在這兩個位置之一。

單數名詞 + who/which/that + 單數動詞複數名詞 + who/which/that + 複數動詞主要主詞 + (關係子句) + 依主要主詞變化的主要動詞
  • The manager who oversees the regional stores is retiring:oversees 依 manager 變化,is 也依 manager 變化,而不是依 stores。
  • The reports that the analyst prepares are posted online:prepares 依 analyst(子句中的主詞)變化,are 則依 reports 變化。
  • one of the + 複數名詞 + who/that + 複數動詞:She is one of the employees who speak three languages(who 代替 employees)。但 the only one of the employees who speaks Japanese 用單數,因為 who 代替的是 the only one。
  • 用 whose 時,動詞依緊接在 whose 後面的名詞變化:a supplier whose prices are low、a supplier whose price is low。
例句
  • The new printers that the IT team installed last week are already causing problems.IT 團隊上週安裝的新印表機已經開始出問題了。
  • Mr. Silva is one of the consultants who advise our board on tax matters.Silva 先生是為我們董事會提供稅務建議的顧問之一。

Whose 與 who's;what 與 that

  • whose 是所有格,後面一定接名詞:the client whose order was lost。who's 是 *who is/who has* 的縮寫:Who's responsible for this?
  • whose 也可以用於物:a product whose design won an award。
  • what = *the thing(s) that*,前面沒有名詞:What we need is more time. 前面已經有名詞時要用 that/which:the information that we need(不說 *the information what*)。
  • 在 all、everything、anything、nothing、the only、the first、最高級之後通常用 that:This is the best offer that we have received.
例句
  • Please send me what you discussed at the meeting.請把你們在會議上討論的內容寄給我。

關係子句的簡化(簡介)

關係代名詞作主詞的關係子句可以簡化為分詞片語。詳見分詞單元。

  • 主動 → V-ing:the staff who work in Building B → the staff working in Building B。
  • 被動 → V3/ed:the goods which were damaged in transit → the goods damaged in transit。
  • 在 the first/the last/the only 之後,或表示目的時 → to V:She was the first person to arrive.
例句
  • Applications received after May 1 will not be considered.5 月 1 日之後收到的申請將不予考慮。
  • Passengers traveling with children may board first.帶小孩同行的旅客可以優先登機。

多益解題技巧

  1. Part 5 常在名詞後方設空格,要求在 who / whom / which / whose / that / what 之間作選擇。請看前面的名詞(人或物)以及空格後方:缺主詞(___ + V)→ who/which/that;缺受詞(___ + S + V)→ whom/which/that;後面接沒有冠詞的名詞(___ + N + V)→ whose。
  2. 空格前看到逗號,立刻排除 that 和 what。空格前看到介系詞(in ___、to ___、of ___),就只剩 whom(人)或 which(物)。
  3. 逗號後出現 some / many / most / none / all / both of ___ → 答案是 whom 或 which,絕不會是 them/it/who/that。
  4. 空格位於動詞前,而子句已經有完整的主要動詞 → 考慮簡化形式:V-ing(主動)或 V3/ed(被動),例如 the report ___ (submit) yesterday → submitted。

常見錯誤

錯誤: Mr. Lee, that manages our Seoul office, will visit us.

正確: Mr. Lee, who manages our Seoul office, will visit us.

非限定關係子句(有逗號)不用 that。

錯誤: The supplier who products we ordered has closed.

正確: The supplier whose products we ordered has closed.

表示所有格的名詞前要用 whose。

錯誤: The person to who you should send the form is Ms. Diaz.

正確: The person to whom you should send the form is Ms. Diaz.

介系詞後只能用 whom(人)或 which(物)。

錯誤: We received five bids, two of them were acceptable.

正確: We received five bids, two of which were acceptable.

用逗號連接兩個子句時需要 of which/of whom,不能用 of them。

錯誤: This is the brochure what I mentioned.

正確: This is the brochure (that/which) I mentioned.

what 不能接在名詞之後。

練習題(附解答)

  1. 1.The manager ------- approved the budget will present it at Monday's meeting.

    1. (A) whom
    2. (B) whose
    3. (C) who
    4. (D) which
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) who

    前面的名詞是人(manager),空格後是動詞 approved → 缺少主詞 → who。whom 作受詞,whose 後面需接名詞,which 指事物。

  2. 2.Ardent Logistics, ------- headquarters are in Rotterdam, has opened a new warehouse in Hamburg.

    1. (A) who
    2. (B) which
    3. (C) that
    4. (D) whose
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) whose

    空格後是不帶冠詞的名詞 headquarters + 動詞 → 表示所有格 → whose(也可用於公司)。that 不能放在逗號後;who/which 不能像這樣直接接名詞。

  3. 3.The consultant to ------- you spoke last week has sent the revised proposal.

    1. (A) whom
    2. (B) who
    3. (C) that
    4. (D) which
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) whom

    介系詞 to 之後只能用 whom(人)或 which(事物)。Consultant 是人 → whom。介系詞後不能用 who 和 that。

  4. 4.We received six bids for the renovation project, two of ------- were within our budget.

    1. (A) them
    2. (B) which
    3. (C) those
    4. (D) whom
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) which

    逗號後的 數量詞 + of which/of whom 句型;bids 是事物 → of which。of them 會造成用逗號連接兩個子句的錯誤;whom 只用於人。

  5. 5.Applications ------- after March 31 will not be considered.

    1. (A) receiving
    2. (B) are received
    3. (C) received
    4. (D) receive
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) received

    句子已有主要動詞 will not be considered → 空格是簡化的關係子句。申請書是被收到(被動)→ V3: received。receiving 表示主動;are received/receive 會多出一個主要動詞。

  6. 6.Passengers ------- with small children are invited to board first.

    1. (A) travel
    2. (B) traveling
    3. (C) traveled
    4. (D) are traveling
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) traveling

    主要動詞是 are invited → 將主動的關係子句(who travel)簡化為 V-ing:traveling。travel/are traveling 會多出主要動詞;traveled 若為過去簡單式,同樣多出主要動詞,若為 V3 則帶被動意義,錯誤,因為乘客是自己旅行。

  7. 7.This is the most reliable courier service ------- we have ever used.

    1. (A) that
    2. (B) what
    3. (C) whose
    4. (D) where
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) that

    最高級(the most reliable)之後通常用 that;後面的子句缺少 used 的受詞。what 不能接在名詞後;where 需要完整子句;whose 後面需接名詞。

  8. 8.The audit report covers the six-week period ------- the factory was closed for renovations.

    1. (A) who
    2. (B) whose
    3. (C) what
    4. (D) when
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) when

    先行詞表示時間(period),且空格後是完整的子句 → 關係副詞 when(= during which)。who 指人;whose 後面需要名詞;what 不能放在名詞後面。

  9. 9.------- the board approved at yesterday's meeting is a two-year plan to expand into Brazil.

    1. (A) What
    2. (B) That
    3. (C) Which
    4. (D) Whose
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) What

    前面沒有先行詞,後面子句缺少 approved 的受詞,且整個片語當 is 的主詞 → What(= the thing that)。That 只能引導完整的子句;Which 需要先行詞;Whose 後面需要名詞。

  10. 10.Please contact Mr. Ibrahim, ------- in charge of scheduling the delivery trucks this month.

    1. (A) whose
    2. (B) who
    3. (C) which
    4. (D) who's
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) who's

    空格後沒有動詞,只有片語 in charge of → 需要 who's(= who is)。whose 後面需要名詞;who 缺少 be 動詞;which 指物。

練習題

60 題 Part 5 題型,一次一題,每題作答後立即附上解析。

開始練習

常見問題

什麼是關係子句?

關係子句是緊接在名詞之後的從屬子句,用來說明那是哪個人、哪個東西,或補充相關資訊。這種子句以關係代名詞(who, whom, which, that, whose)或關係副詞(where, when, why)開頭。例如:The client who called this morning wants a refund,其中 "who called this morning" 說明是哪一位客戶。

什麼時候用 who,什麼時候用 whom?

who 在子句中作主詞,後面接動詞:the engineer who designed the system。whom 作受詞,後面接 S + V:the engineer whom we hired,而且在介系詞之後一定要用:to whom、with whom、most of whom。口語中常把 who 用在受詞位置,但介系詞之後只有 whom 才正確,而多益的答案以正式書面語為準。

Which 和 that 有什麼不同?

在限定關係子句中,which 和 that(指物)都正確:the report which/that you requested。差別在於非限定關係子句:逗號之後只能用 which,不能用 that。此外,介系詞之後只能用 which(the account from which...),而在 everything、all、the only 和最高級之後,用 that 比較自然。

什麼時候可以省略關係代名詞?

只有當關係代名詞在限定關係子句中作受詞時才能省略:the samples (that) you requested。作主詞時、子句位於逗號之間時,或前面有介系詞時,都不能省略。如果關係代名詞作主詞並搭配 be 動詞,可以把關係代名詞和 be 一起省略:the goods (which were) damaged in transit。

簡化的關係子句要用 V-ing 還是 V3?

要看名詞與動詞之間的關係。名詞自己執行動作 → V-ing:customers requesting a refund(要求退款的顧客)。名詞承受動作 → V3/ed:applications received after May 1(被收到的申請)。快速判斷:空格後有受詞,通常是 V-ing;沒有受詞但有 by 或時間、地點片語,通常是 V3。

"Most of whom" 和 "most of them" 有什麼不同?

most of whom(人)和 most of which(物)含有關係代名詞,所以只用逗號就能連接兩個子句:We interviewed ten candidates, most of whom had sales experience. most of them 只是一般代名詞,必須放在獨立的句子中或連接詞之後:We interviewed ten candidates, and most of them had sales experience. 在 Part 5 中,如果兩個子句之間只有逗號,答案就是 whom 或 which。