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子句與複合句基礎

虛主詞 It 與 There

Dummy subjects 'it' and 'there'

使用 there + be 表示存在及其數的一致；使用 it 作為 to V、that 子句、時間、距離的虛主詞，以及 it takes、it is said that 和分裂句 It is ... that/who。

編寫：OpenTOEIC更新日期:

練習 60 題

There + be：表示存在

There 用來引介某事物的存在或發生。be 動詞與後面的名詞一致。

There is / was + 單數名詞 / 不可數名詞There are / were + 複數名詞There has been / There will be / There seems to be / There must be + N
  • 列舉多個名詞時，正式用法中動詞通常依第一個名詞：There is a printer and two scanners in the room.
  • there + be + N 之後可以加上 V-ing/V3/to V 片語：There are three people waiting. There is nothing to worry about.
  • 附加問句與簡答保留 there：There is a problem, isn't there?
例句
  • There are several vacancies in the accounting department.會計部門有幾個職缺。
  • There has been a significant increase in online orders this quarter.本季線上訂單大幅增加。
  • There is not enough space in the warehouse for the new stock.倉庫沒有足夠的空間存放新貨。

There 的固定句型

  • 在 seem、appear、likely、used to 的句型中，動詞仍與後面的名詞一致：There seem to be several errors、There are likely to be delays。
  • 附加問句與簡答重複使用 there：There won't be any extra charges, will there?
句型意思例句
There is no need to V不需要做某事There is no need to print the tickets.
There is no point (in) V-ing做某事也沒用There is no point in calling before 9 a.m.
There is no doubt that ...毫無疑問There is no doubt that demand will rise.
There seems / appears to be + N似乎有There seems to be a mistake on the invoice.
There is likely / expected to be + N可能有／預計會有There is likely to be heavy traffic tonight.
There used to be + N以前曾經有There used to be a bank on this corner.
例句
  • There appear to be two invoices for the same order.同一筆訂單似乎有兩張發票。

It 作虛主詞

英語避免把過長的主詞（to V、that 子句）放在句首，因此先用 it 放在前面，再把較長的部分移到後面。It 也用於時間、日期、天氣、距離。

It + be + adj (+ for sb) + to VIt + be + adj / N + that + S + VIt + takes (+ sb) + 時間 + to VIt + costs (+ sb) + 金錢 + to V
例句
  • It is important to back up your files every day.每天備份檔案很重要。
  • It is likely that the shipment will be delayed.貨物很可能會延誤。
  • It takes about forty minutes to get to the airport by taxi.搭計程車到機場大約需要四十分鐘。
  • It is a pity that the event was cancelled.活動被取消真是可惜。

It 作虛受詞與 it 的固定句型

除了主詞位置，it 也可以在某些動詞之後作虛受詞，把較長的 to V 片語或 that 子句移到句尾。這種句型在 Part 5 常以選形容詞或選 it 的形式出現。

S + make / find / consider / think + it + adj / N + to VS + make / find + it + adj + that + S + V
  • The new software makes it easier to track orders. 不寫 makes easier to track（少了 it）或 makes it easily（要用形容詞）。
  • It seems / appears that + 子句：It appears that the update has fixed the problem.
  • It has been + 一段時間 + since + 過去簡單式：It has been three years since we last raised prices.
  • It is worth + V-ing（值得做）和 It is no use + V-ing（沒有用）：It is worth checking the warranty before you buy.
  • It is the responsibility of sb + to V：It is the responsibility of each manager to approve timesheets.
例句
  • The online portal makes it possible for customers to change their delivery dates.線上平台讓顧客可以更改送貨日期。
  • Many employees find it convenient to work from home on Fridays.許多員工覺得週五在家工作很方便。

It is said that... 與轉述被動句

用來陳述意見或一般資訊，而不指明是誰說的。

It + is/was + said / believed / expected / reported / estimated + that + 子句S + is/was + said / expected... + to V (或 to have V3 表示已發生的事)
例句
  • It is expected that the new branch will open in spring.預計新分店將於春季開幕。
  • The new branch is expected to open in spring.新分店預計於春季開幕。

分裂句 It is ... that/who

分裂句把要強調的成分放在 It is/was 與 that/who 之間，以達到強調效果。

It is/was + 強調的部分 + that/who + 其餘部分
  • 強調人：用 who 或 that；強調物、時間、地點：用 that。
  • who/that 之後的動詞與被強調的名詞一致：It is the managers who decide.
例句
  • It was Ms. Owen who negotiated the contract.談成那份合約的人正是 Owen 女士。
  • It is in October that our annual sale begins.我們的年度特賣正是在十月開始。

分裂句還是 It + 形容詞 + that？

兩者都是 It is ... that ... 的形式，但功能不同，而這決定了空格該填什麼。

  • It was not until + 時間點／子句 + that + S + V（直到…才…）是非常常見的分裂句：It was not until Friday that the parts arrived. that 之後的動詞用肯定形式。
  • 在分裂句中，who/that 之後的動詞與被強調的成分一致：It is the quality of our products that keeps customers coming back（quality → keeps）。
判斷標準分裂句It 作虛主詞
It is 與 that 之間句子的一個成分（人、物、時間、地點）形容詞、名詞或 V3（clear, a pity, said）
拿掉 It is ... that剩下的部分仍是意思完整的句子剩下的部分不成句
例句It was the shipping delay that caused the problem.It is clear that the delay caused the problem.
連接詞that，強調人時也可用 whothat（或依形容詞用 whether、to V）
例句
  • It was not until the end of the meeting that the director announced the merger.直到會議結束，總監才宣布合併的消息。

區分 it 與 there

ThereIt
引介尚未提及、存在的事物回指已提及的事物，或作 to V/that 的虛主詞
There is a meeting at 3 p.m.It is in Room 204. (it = the meeting)
There is a long way to go.It is a long way to the station.（距離）
There was a lot of rain last week.It rained a lot last week.（天氣）

多益解題技巧

  1. 題目 There ___ several options → 依 there 後面的名詞選動詞（are），而不是依 there。題目常把複數名詞放得離空格很遠，或使用不可數名詞（There is little information）。
  2. 空格作主詞，位於 is + adj + to V / that ... 之前 → 答案是 It，不是 There 或 This。相反地，位於 is/are + 名詞 + (V-ing/to V/介系詞) 之前、表示存在時 → There。
  3. It takes + (sb) + 時間 + to V 和 It is said / believed / expected that...（或 S is expected to V）是 Part 5/6 新聞、公告中常見的句型。

常見錯誤

錯誤: There is many reasons for the change.

正確: There are many reasons for the change.

be 依後面的複數名詞變化。

錯誤: Is important to read the terms carefully.

正確: It is important to read the terms carefully.

英語句子需要主詞；用 it 作虛主詞。

錯誤: It has a parking lot behind the building.

正確: There is a parking lot behind the building.

表示存在用 there is，不用 it has。

錯誤: It takes to me two hours to finish the report.

正確: It takes me two hours to finish the report.

句型：It takes + sb + 時間 + to V。

練習題（附解答）

  1. 1.------- are several vacancies in the accounting department.

    1. (A) There
    2. (B) It
    3. (C) They
    4. (D) This
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) There

    引出複數名詞 several vacancies 的存在 → There are。It/This 搭配 is；They are vacancies 語意不合（不是在表達存在）。

  2. 2.There ------- a significant increase in online orders since the website was redesigned.

    1. (A) have been
    2. (B) are
    3. (C) has been
    4. (D) were
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) has been

    be 動詞依 there 之後的名詞變化：a significant increase（單數）；有 since → 現在完成式 → has been。have been/are/were 是複數形式。

  3. 3.------- is important to back up all project files every evening.

    1. (A) It
    2. (B) There
    3. (C) This
    4. (D) What
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) It

    It + be + adj + to V 句型：it 是虛主詞，代替 to back up...。There 不能搭配 adj + to V；This 和 What 在此句型中不能作虛主詞。

  4. 4.It ------- about forty minutes to get from the hotel to the convention center by taxi.

    1. (A) spends
    2. (B) takes
    3. (C) lasts
    4. (D) needs
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) takes

    固定句型 It takes (+ sb) + 時間 + to V → takes。spend 以人作主詞；lasts 和 needs 不能用於這種 It ... to V 句型。

  5. 5.It is expected ------- the new branch will open in early spring.

    1. (A) what
    2. (B) which
    3. (C) to
    4. (D) that
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) that

    It is expected / said / believed + that + 子句 句型 → that。what/which 不能引導這個子句；to 需接原形動詞，不能接子句。

  6. 6.The new branch is expected ------- in early spring.

    1. (A) opening
    2. (B) that opens
    3. (C) to open
    4. (D) open
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) to open

    以名詞作主詞時：S + is expected + to V → to open。opening、that opens、open 都不符合句型。

  7. 7.There ------- not enough space in the warehouse for the holiday stock.

    1. (A) are
    2. (B) be
    3. (C) have
    4. (D) is
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (D) is

    be 動詞依 there 之後的名詞變化：space 是不可數名詞 → is。are 是複數形式；be 未依主詞變化；have 在此句型中不用於 there 之後。

  8. 8.It was Ms. Owen ------- negotiated the contract with the overseas supplier.

    1. (A) whom
    2. (B) which
    3. (C) who
    4. (D) whose
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (C) who

    分裂句 It was + 人 + who/that + V 強調 Ms. Owen；空格作 negotiated 的主詞 → who。whom 是受詞；which 指事物；whose 後面需接名詞。

  9. 9.It is in October ------- our annual clearance sale begins.

    1. (A) when it
    2. (B) that
    3. (C) where
    4. (D) which
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (B) that

    強調時間的分裂句 It is + in October + that + 其餘部分 → that。where 指地點；which 不用於含介系詞片語的分裂句；when it 多了一個主詞。

  10. 10.------- is about twelve kilometers from the international airport to our head office downtown.

    1. (A) It
    2. (B) There
    3. (C) This
    4. (D) What
    查看解答與解析

    答案: (A) It

    表達從 A 到 B 的距離用 It：It is ... from A to B。在此句型中，There、This、What 不能作為表示距離的主詞。

練習題

60 題 Part 5 題型，一次一題，每題作答後立即附上解析。

開始練習

常見問題

什麼是虛主詞？

虛主詞（dummy subject）是位於主詞位置、但本身沒有意思的 it 或 there。英文句子一定要有主詞，所以談天氣、時間、距離，或真正的主詞太長（to V、that 子句）時，就用 it。引介某事物的存在時，則用 there：There is a meeting at 3 p.m.

"There is" 還是 "there are"？

依 be 後面的名詞決定：單數或不可數名詞 → there is（There is little information）；複數名詞 → there are（There are several vacancies）。列舉一連串名詞時，正式用法依第一個名詞：There is a printer and two scanners in the room.

什麼時候用 it，什麼時候用 there？

there 引介之前沒提過、存在的事物：There is a café on the ground floor. it 回指已提過的事物，或作 to V、that 子句、時間、天氣、距離的虛主詞：It is open until 6 p.m.、It is important to arrive early. 訣竅：在 be + 形容詞 + to V/that 之前 → It；在 be + 名詞 (+ 地點) 之前 → There。

"It takes" 怎麼用？

句型 It takes (+ sb) + 時間 + to V 表示某人做某事要花多少時間：It takes me forty minutes to get to work. 人直接接在 takes 之後，不加介系詞（不寫 takes to me）。同樣地，It costs (+ sb) + 金額 + to V 表示花費：It cost the company $40,000 to replace the roof.

"It is said that" 和 "He is said to" 有什麼不同？

意思相同，結構不同。It is said that he is an expert 用 it 作虛主詞再接 that 子句。He is said to be an expert 則把子句的主詞移到句首，再接 to V。若事情發生在說話之前，就用 to have + V3：He is believed to have sold his shares. 常見的動詞有：say、believe、expect、report、think、estimate。

什麼是分裂句（cleft sentence）？

分裂句把一個句子拆成兩部分，用來強調其中一個成分：It was Ms. Owen who negotiated the contract（強調是 Ms. Owen，而不是別人）。結構：It is/was + 強調的部分 + that/who + 其餘部分。who 用於人，that 則各種情況都能用。考題中最常見的是 It was not until ... that ...。